| Peer-Reviewed

Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons

Received: 8 November 2019     Accepted: 4 December 2019     Published: 10 March 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This research work investigated the adsorption of some heavy metals contaminants in used lubricating oil using chemically activated carbon adsorbents produced from palm kernel and coconut shells. The adsorption mechanism was able to remove some heavy metals such as zinc, chromium, cadmium and magnesium contaminants from the used lubricating oil to appreciable levels. For instance, zinc from initial concentrations of 16.475±0.950 ppm before to 10.375±0.171 ppm after filtration processes for used lubricating oil sample A. Also, for coconut shell from an initial concentration of 14.575±0.272 ppm to 5.450±0.3000 ppm after filtration processes. It was observed that the coconut shell activated carbons was effective in the removal of lead metals while palm kernel cannot. However, the activated carbons produced from palm kernel and coconut shells are not suitable for the removal of both copper and iron metals. For example, after the filtration process with the palm kernel shell activated carbon, the mean concentration of copper metal increases for virgin (C) 0.001± 0.000 to 0.075±0.013 ppm and used lubricating oil samples (A&B) from 0.150±0.008 to 0.400±0.018 ppm and from 0.220±0.096 to 0.230±0.008 ppm respectively. Also, in the case of the coconut shell activated carbon, the mean concentration of copper in virgin lubricating oil remains the same 0.001±0.000 whereas for used lubricating oils samples (i.e. A&B) it increases from 0.150±0.008 to 0.780±0.014 and from 0.220±0.096 to 0.790±0.026 respectively. Also, the equilibrium adsorption data were analysed using the Langmuir isotherm model. The fit of this isotherm model to the equilibrium adsorption data was determined, using the linear coefficient of correlation (R2). The following R2 values were obtained; Copper (0.8185), Cadmium (0.8347), Lead (0.9349), Chromium (0.9378), Iron (0.9927), Zinc (0.9953), and Magnesium (0.9997) respectively. From the results obtained and statistics point of view, it can be concluded that the Langmuir model shows a better fit due to the high coefficient of correlation (R2 ≈ 1). The recovered oil could be also re-used.

Published in American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13
Page(s) 11-18
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Activated Carbons, Heavy Metals, Contaminants, Used Lubricating Oils, Adsorption, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Correlation Co-efficient

References
[1] Sumathi, S., Bhatia, S., Lee, K. T. and Mohamed, A. R (2009). Optimization of microporous palm shell activated carbon production for flue gas desulphurization: Experimental and statistical studies, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp. 1614-1621.
[2] Arami-Niya, A., Wan, W. M. A, Daud, F. S., Mjalli, F. Abnisa, and Shafeeyan, M. S. (2012). Production of microporous palm shell-based activated carbon for methane adsorption: Modeling and optimization using response surface methodology, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 90, pp. 776-784.
[3] Xie, J., Yan, N., Liu, F., Qu, Z., Yang, S., and Liu, P. (2014). CO2 adsorption performance of ZIF-7 and its endurance in flue gas components, Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, Vol. 8, pp. 162-168.
[4] Viswanathan, B., Neel, P. I. and Varadarajan, T. K (2009). "Methods of activation and specific applications of carbon materials,” National Centre for Catalysis Research Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai.
[5] Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S (2009). Biochar for environmental management: Earthscan,
[6] Matali, S., Khairuddin, S. A., Sharifah, A. S. A. K and Hidayu, A. R (2013). "Removal of selected gaseous effluent using activated carbon derived from oil palm waste: An Overview,” in 2013 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications, Kuching, Sarawak,
[7] Ioannidou, O. and Zabaniotou, A. (2007). Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 11, pp. 1966-2005.
[8] Allwar, (2012). "Characteristics of micro- and mesoporous structure and surface chemistry of activated carbons produced by oil palm shell,” presented at the International Conference on Chemical, Ecology and Environmental Science (ICEES'2012), Bangkok.
[9] Hidayu, A. R and Muda, N. (2016). Preparation and characterization of impregnated activated carbon from palm kernel shell and coconut shell for CO2 capture, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 148, pp. 106–113.
[10] Evbuomwan, B. O; Agbede, A. M; Atuka, M. M (2013); A Comparative Study of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Waste (Kernel and Fibre). Inter. J. Sci. Engineer. Investigate, 2 (19), pp. 75-79.
[11] Boadu, K. O; Joel, O. F; Essumang, D. K; Evbuomwan, B. O, (2018); Comparative Studies of the Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Adsorption Capacity of Chemical Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel, Coconut and Groundnut Shells, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 22 (11) pp. 1833–1839.
[12] Cabal, B., Budinova, T., Ania, O. C., Tsyntsarski, B., Parra, B. J., & Petrova, B. (2009). Adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution on activated charcoals obtained from bean pods. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 34, pp. 1150-1156.
[13] Olivares-Marín, M., Del-Prete, V., Garcia-Moruno, E., Fernandez-Gonz?ales, C., Macías-García, A., & Gomez-Serrano, V. (2009). The development of activated charcoal from cherry stones and it uses in the removal of ochratoxin a from red wine. Food Control, Vol. 20, 298-303.
[14] Magriotis, Z. M., Leal, P. V. B., Sales, P. F., Papini, R. M., & Viana, P. R. M. (2010). Adsorption of ether amine on kaolinite: a cheap alternative for the treatment of mining effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 184, pp. 465-471
[15] McKenzie, T., (1981, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the analysis of wear metals in oil samples, Varian Instruments at Work, Varian atomic Absorption AA-10, Techtron Pty., Ltd., Australia, pp: 1-9.
[16] Adebiyi, F. M.; Ayinde, O. B.; Odebunmi, A. O.; Adeyefa, O. M.; (2014): The reclamation of fine lubricating oil from flat lubricating oil using a combination of activated animal charcoal and amberlite, Petroleum Science and Technology, (32), pp: 162-169.
[17] Aydin, H. and Baysal, G. (2006). Adsorption of acid dyes in aqueous solutions by shells of bittim (pistacia khinjuk stocks), Desalination, Vol. 196, pp. 248–259.
[18] Chan, L. S., Cheung, W. H., McKay, G. (2008). Adsorption of acid dyes by bamboo-derived activated carbon, Desalination, Vol. 218, pp. 304–312.
[19] Sagar Nayak, P. and Kumar Singh, B. (2007). Removal of phenol from aqueous solutions by sorption on low-cost clay, Desalination, Vol. 207, pp. 71–79.
[20] Langmuir, I. (1918). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (9) pp. 1361.
[21] Xunjun Chen, (2015),”Modeling of Experimental Adsorption Isotherm Data”, Information, 6, pp. 14-22; DOI: 10.3390/info6010014.
[22] IBM SPSS version 24 (May 22, 2016) Statistical Software.
[23] XLSTAT version. 1, Jan (2018), Microsoft Excel, Copyright Addinsoft 1995-2018.
[24] Odisu, T; Edomwonyi-Otu, L. C; Anih, E. C (2019). Comparative Studies of Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Cement Waste Water Using Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel Husk, Coconut and Groundnut Shells, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 23 (5) pp. 967-975.
[25] Nabil M. Abdel-Jabbar, Essam A. H. Al Zubaidy, and Mehrab Mehrvar (2010). Waste Lubricating Oil Treatment by Adsorption Process Using Different Adsorbents; International Journal of Chemical and Biological Engineering; 3 (2), pp. 70-73.
[26] lnegbenebor Adedayo I, Inegbenebor Anthony 0, Boyo Henry. I (2012). Comparison of the Adsorptive Capacity of Raw Materials in Making Activated Carbon Filter for Purification of Polluted Water for Drinking; ARPN Journal of Science and Technology; Vol 2, (9), pp. 754-760.
[27] Akpen, G. D. Okparaku, L. A. and Odoh, F. O (2017). Removal Of Colour From Wastewater By Raffia Palm Seed Activated Carbon, Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS), Vol. 8 (1), pp. 25-29.
[28] Kwakye-Awuah, B., Kwakye, R., Sefa-Ntiri, B., Nkrumah, I., Von-Kiti, E., and Williams, C., (2018). Comparison of the Recycling Efficiency of Metakaolin and Laboratory-Synthesized Zeolite Types LTA and LSX on Used Lubricant Engine Oil, Applied Physics Research; Vol. 10, Vol. 4; pp. 1916-9639.
[29] Okafor, P. C; Okon, P. U; Daniel, E. F; Ebenso, E. E (2012). Adsorption Capacity of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Shell for Lead, Copper, Cadmium and Arsenic from Aqueous Solutions, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, pp. 12354–12369.
[30] Babayemi, A. K. (2017) Performance Evaluation of Palm Kernel Shell Adsorbents for the Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, Vol. 7, pp. 215-227.
[31] Maryam Razavi Mehr, Mohammad Hossein Fekri, Faezeh Omidali, Noushin Eftekhari, Behrouz Akbari-adergani, (2019). Removal of Chromium (VI) from Wastewater by Palm Kernel Shell-based on a Green Method, Journal of Chemical Health Risks, Vol. 9 (1), pp. 75-86.
[32] Jodeh, S., Odeh, R., Sawalha, M., Abu Obeid, A., Salghi, R., Hammouti, B., Radi, S., Warad, I. (2015). Adsorption of lead and zinc from used lubricant oil using agricultural soil: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. Vol. 6 (2), pp. 580-591.
[33] Siti Munira Jamil, Mohamad Wijayanuddin Ali, Adnan Ripin and Arshad Ahmad, (2015). Adsorption of Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium and Zinc from Recovered Base Oil of Used Lubricants Using Chitosan. Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 15, pp. 516-523.
[34] Kamal, Muhammad Ashraf, Syed Mumtaz Danish Naqvi, and Fasihullah Khan (2014). Optimized liquid-liquid extractive re-refining of spent lubricants, Scientific World Journal, Volume 2014, Article ID 458789, pp. 1-10.
[35] Ofomaja, A. E. (2010). Equilibrium studies of copper ion adsorption onto palm kernel fibre, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 91, pp. 1491-1499.
[36] Ghorbanian, Sohrab A; Bagheri, Nafiseh; Khakpay, Amir (2016). Investigation of Adsorption Isotherms of Aniline on Activated Carbon Investigation of Adsorption Isotherms of Aniline on Activated Carbon, 1st National Conference on Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment. Tehran, Iran.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Joel Ogbonna Friday, Essumang David Kofi, Evbuomwan Benson Osa. (2020). Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Joel Ogbonna Friday; Essumang David Kofi; Evbuomwan Benson Osa. Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8(1), 11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Joel Ogbonna Friday, Essumang David Kofi, Evbuomwan Benson Osa. Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons. Am J Chem Eng. 2020;8(1):11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13,
      author = {Boadu Kwasi Opoku and Joel Ogbonna Friday and Essumang David Kofi and Evbuomwan Benson Osa},
      title = {Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons},
      journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
      volume = {8},
      number = {1},
      pages = {11-18},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20200801.13},
      abstract = {This research work investigated the adsorption of some heavy metals contaminants in used lubricating oil using chemically activated carbon adsorbents produced from palm kernel and coconut shells. The adsorption mechanism was able to remove some heavy metals such as zinc, chromium, cadmium and magnesium contaminants from the used lubricating oil to appreciable levels. For instance, zinc from initial concentrations of 16.475±0.950 ppm before to 10.375±0.171 ppm after filtration processes for used lubricating oil sample A. Also, for coconut shell from an initial concentration of 14.575±0.272 ppm to 5.450±0.3000 ppm after filtration processes. It was observed that the coconut shell activated carbons was effective in the removal of lead metals while palm kernel cannot. However, the activated carbons produced from palm kernel and coconut shells are not suitable for the removal of both copper and iron metals. For example, after the filtration process with the palm kernel shell activated carbon, the mean concentration of copper metal increases for virgin (C) 0.001± 0.000 to 0.075±0.013 ppm and used lubricating oil samples (A&B) from 0.150±0.008 to 0.400±0.018 ppm and from 0.220±0.096 to 0.230±0.008 ppm respectively. Also, in the case of the coconut shell activated carbon, the mean concentration of copper in virgin lubricating oil remains the same 0.001±0.000 whereas for used lubricating oils samples (i.e. A&B) it increases from 0.150±0.008 to 0.780±0.014 and from 0.220±0.096 to 0.790±0.026 respectively. Also, the equilibrium adsorption data were analysed using the Langmuir isotherm model. The fit of this isotherm model to the equilibrium adsorption data was determined, using the linear coefficient of correlation (R2). The following R2 values were obtained; Copper (0.8185), Cadmium (0.8347), Lead (0.9349), Chromium (0.9378), Iron (0.9927), Zinc (0.9953), and Magnesium (0.9997) respectively. From the results obtained and statistics point of view, it can be concluded that the Langmuir model shows a better fit due to the high coefficient of correlation (R2 ≈ 1). The recovered oil could be also re-used.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons
    AU  - Boadu Kwasi Opoku
    AU  - Joel Ogbonna Friday
    AU  - Essumang David Kofi
    AU  - Evbuomwan Benson Osa
    Y1  - 2020/03/10
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13
    T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
    JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
    JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
    SP  - 11
    EP  - 18
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8613
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13
    AB  - This research work investigated the adsorption of some heavy metals contaminants in used lubricating oil using chemically activated carbon adsorbents produced from palm kernel and coconut shells. The adsorption mechanism was able to remove some heavy metals such as zinc, chromium, cadmium and magnesium contaminants from the used lubricating oil to appreciable levels. For instance, zinc from initial concentrations of 16.475±0.950 ppm before to 10.375±0.171 ppm after filtration processes for used lubricating oil sample A. Also, for coconut shell from an initial concentration of 14.575±0.272 ppm to 5.450±0.3000 ppm after filtration processes. It was observed that the coconut shell activated carbons was effective in the removal of lead metals while palm kernel cannot. However, the activated carbons produced from palm kernel and coconut shells are not suitable for the removal of both copper and iron metals. For example, after the filtration process with the palm kernel shell activated carbon, the mean concentration of copper metal increases for virgin (C) 0.001± 0.000 to 0.075±0.013 ppm and used lubricating oil samples (A&B) from 0.150±0.008 to 0.400±0.018 ppm and from 0.220±0.096 to 0.230±0.008 ppm respectively. Also, in the case of the coconut shell activated carbon, the mean concentration of copper in virgin lubricating oil remains the same 0.001±0.000 whereas for used lubricating oils samples (i.e. A&B) it increases from 0.150±0.008 to 0.780±0.014 and from 0.220±0.096 to 0.790±0.026 respectively. Also, the equilibrium adsorption data were analysed using the Langmuir isotherm model. The fit of this isotherm model to the equilibrium adsorption data was determined, using the linear coefficient of correlation (R2). The following R2 values were obtained; Copper (0.8185), Cadmium (0.8347), Lead (0.9349), Chromium (0.9378), Iron (0.9927), Zinc (0.9953), and Magnesium (0.9997) respectively. From the results obtained and statistics point of view, it can be concluded that the Langmuir model shows a better fit due to the high coefficient of correlation (R2 ≈ 1). The recovered oil could be also re-used.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oil Fields Chemicals, Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

  • World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oil Fields Chemicals, Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

  • Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

  • Sections